Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Integrated apoptotic extracellular vesicle-recruitment peptide coating reprograms the diabetic bone microenvironment and orchestrates enhanced implant osseointegration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.05.059

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vivo immunomodulatory effects of different modified surfaces in a DM model. (A) Schematic representation of the animal modeling and experimental treatment workflow. (B, C) hematoxylin and eosin staining of the peri-implant tissues in the femurs of DM rats 1 week after implantation, accompanied by quantitative analysis of the fibrous capsule thickness (scale bar = 100 μm, n = 5). (D–G) Immunofluorescence staining evaluating the polarization state of macrophages surrounding the implants (green: macrophage marker cluster of differentiation (CD) 68; red: M1 marker CD86 and M2 marker CD206; blue: nuclei), along with corresponding quantitative analysis of the fluorescence signals (scale bar = 100 μm, n = 5). (H–K) Immunohistochemical staining assessing the expression of the pro-inflammatory marker tumor necrosis factor-α and the anti-inflammatory marker interleukin-10 in the peri-implant area, with quantitative results of the positive staining areas (scale bar = 100 μm, n = 5). Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation, with statistical analysis performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001 indicate statistical significance.

Article Snippet: For IHC analysis, sections underwent heat-induced antigen retrieval and blocking prior to incubation with antibodies against TNF-α (GB11188, Servicebio, China), IL-10 (GB11534, Servicebio, China), and VEGF (GB15165, Servicebio, China) to identify differences in local inflammatory and angiogenic profiles.

Techniques: In Vivo, Modification, Staining, Immunofluorescence, Marker, Fluorescence, Immunohistochemical staining, Expressing, Standard Deviation

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Glucose/ROS-responsive and redox-gated adaptive hydrogel dressing for accelerating diabetic wound repair via synergistic cGAS/STING pathway inhibition and oxidative stress alleviation

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.03.025

Figure Lengend Snippet: The cellular uptake and anti-inflammatory effect of HPSL in vitro . (A) Flow cytometry analysis and (B) semi-quantitative analysis of cellular uptake of PSL and blank NPs by M1 macrophages. n = 3. (C) Representative Giemsa staining images of LPS and high glucose-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells with different formulations, scale bar = 50 μm. (D) Immunofluorescence staining and semi-quantitative analysis of CD68 (red) and iNOS (green) in RAW 264.7 cells from different treatment groups, scale bar = 50 μm. n = 6. (E) Immunofluorescence staining and semi-quantitative analysis of CD68 (green) and Arg-1 (red) in RAW 264.7 cells from different treatment groups, scale bar = 50 μm. n = 6. Western blotting analysis and corresponding semi-quantitative analysis of (F) STING/ p -STING, (G) TBK1/ p -TBK1, (H) IRF3/ p -IRF3, (I) NF-κB, (J) TNF-α, and (K) IL-6, Lane 1: Normal group, Lane 2: Model group, Lane 3: PSL group, Lane 4: Free H151 group, Lane 5: HPSL group. n = 3. All data are shown as mean ± SEM.

Article Snippet: VEGF-A and TNF-α-specific antibodies were purchased from Wanleibio (Shenyang, China).

Techniques: In Vitro, Flow Cytometry, Staining, Immunofluorescence, Western Blot

Journal: International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance

Article Title: Terpenic compounds possess anthelmintic and immunomodulatory properties with potential for controlling equine cyathostomin infections

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2026.100642

Figure Lengend Snippet: Scatter plots of the association between TNF-α production and the IC 50 values (LDA and LMA) Scatter plots showing the association between TNF-α production percentage (expressed relative to the control) and the IC 50 values obtained in (left) the Larval Development Assay (LDA) and (right) the Larval Migration Assay (LMA) for six terpene compounds (anethole, cinnamaldehyde, menthol, carvacrol, eugenol and thymol). Each point represents the mean IC 50 and TNFα production for a given compound, and horizontal/vertical bars indicate the corresponding confidence intervals. Lower IC 50 values reflect higher antiparasitic potency.

Article Snippet: The cells were then incubated at +37 °C (5% CO 2 ) for 24 h. After incubation, the concentration of TNF-α in the medium for each condition was quantified by ELISA using mouse TNF-α paired antibodies (R and D Systems DY410).

Techniques: Control, Migration

Journal: International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance

Article Title: Terpenic compounds possess anthelmintic and immunomodulatory properties with potential for controlling equine cyathostomin infections

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2026.100642

Figure Lengend Snippet: Anti-inflammatory activity of carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde on equine PBMC Boxplots showing TNF-α concentrations (ng/mL) measured in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) exposed to DMSO (0.05%), LPS (125 ng/mL), the combination of DMSO and LPS, carvacrol (5 μg/mL), cinnamaldehyde (5 μg/mL), the combination of either compound with LPS, and the untreated condition (control). Points represent individual replicates from four independent assays. Asterisks indicate significant differences relative to the corresponding control condition (∗ P = 0.01, ∗∗ P < 0.001).

Article Snippet: The cells were then incubated at +37 °C (5% CO 2 ) for 24 h. After incubation, the concentration of TNF-α in the medium for each condition was quantified by ELISA using mouse TNF-α paired antibodies (R and D Systems DY410).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Control

Journal: JPRAS Open

Article Title: Effects of extremely low-frequency sinusoidal electromagnetic field therapy on survival and vascularization in a rat random-pattern skin flap model

doi: 10.1016/j.jpra.2026.05.040

Figure Lengend Snippet: Immunohistochemical localization of TNF-α in skin flaps of experimental groups. Representative sections showing TNF-α expression in the control (A), low-dose EMF (B), and high-dose EMF (C) groups. Black arrows indicate TNF-α immunoreactivity in keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and inflammatory cells. Stronger cytoplasmic immunoreactivity was observed in the control and high-dose EMF groups compared with the low-dose EMF group. Scale bar: 50 μm; magnification × 40.

Article Snippet: Sections were incubated overnight at 4 °C with rabbit polyclonal anti-TNF-α antibody (Affinity Biosciences, catalog no AF7014; dilution 1:100).

Techniques: Immunohistochemical staining, Expressing, Control

Journal: Oncoimmunology

Article Title: Ex vivo-generated conventional dendritic cells type 1 and type 2 from blood progenitors induce potent antigen-specific T-cell immunity

doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2026.2695692

Figure Lengend Snippet: Ex vivo-enerated cDC1s and cDC2s mount potent T-cell responses. (A) Representative dot plots showing the frequency of proliferating allogeneic pan T-cells (indicated by the low CFSE expression) upon coculture with untreated or TLR-matured cDC1s for 6 d. (B) Scatter dot showing the mean ± SEM of the percentage of proliferating T-cells upon coculture with cDC2s (blue) and cDC1s (red). Each data point represents an individual DC donor ( n ≥ 4). (C) Scatter dot showing the mean ± SEM of the raw concentration of IFNγ detected by standard sandwich ELISA on day 6 after pan T-cell coculture with cDC1s and cDC2s. Each data point represents an individual DC donor ( n = 5). (D) Scatter dot plot displays the ratio of proliferating CD8/CD4 T-cells upon coculture with either cDC1s or cDC2s for 6 d (mean ± SEM). Each dot represents an individual DC donor ( n ≥ 4). (E) Representative dot plots showing the intracellular cytokine levels of IFNγ and TNF- α detected on expanded naive CD4 T-cells upon coculture with untreated or TLR-matured cDC2s. (F) Scatter dot plot displays the mean ± SEM of the frequency of CD4 T-cells positive for IFNγ and TNFα expression after coculture with cDC1s and cDC2s. (G) The scatter dot plot shows the mean ± SEM of the frequency of CD4 T-cells positive for IFNγ expression alone. (H) Scatter dot plot displays the frequency of Tregs (identified as CD4 + CD127 - CD25 + FOXP3 + cells) after coculture with cDC1s and cDC2s (mean ± SEM). Each dot represents an individual DC donor ( n = 5). (I) Representative dot plots showing the intracellular levels of perforin (PRF) and granzyme-B (GRZB) detected on expanded naive CD8 T-cells upon coculture with untreated or TLR-matured cDC1s. (J) Scatter dot plot displays the mean ± SEM of the frequency of CD8 T-cells positive for PRF and GRZB expression after coculture with cDC1s and cDC2s. (K) The scatter dot plot shows the mean ± SEM of the frequency of CD8 T-cells positive for IFNγ expression alone. Each dot represents an individual DC donor ( n = 5). Statistical significance was calculated for paired data sets with a paired t-test or a Wilcoxon test, whereas for unpaired data sets significancy was calculated using a Mann–Whitney test. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: T-cells were incubated with antibodies against TNFα-APC (1:50, 130-117-382, Miltenyi Biotec), IL-2-Alexa488 (1:50, 500314, BioLegend), IFN- γ -BV421 (1:50, 562988, BD Biosciences), and CD8-FITC (1:25, 555366, BD Biosciences).

Techniques: Ex Vivo, Expressing, Concentration Assay, Sandwich ELISA, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Oncoimmunology

Article Title: Ex vivo-generated conventional dendritic cells type 1 and type 2 from blood progenitors induce potent antigen-specific T-cell immunity

doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2026.2695692

Figure Lengend Snippet: CD34-derived cDC1s and cDC2s induce tumor-derived antigen-specific CD8 T-cell clones. To address the capacity of these DCs to prime the induction of a T-cell clone specific against the tumor antigen MART1, matured CD34-derived pan-DCs (combined cDC1s and cDC2s) loaded with the MART1-derived peptide were cultured with autologous naive CD8 T-cells. (A) Schematic representation of the experimental layout. (B) Representative dot plot showing the frequency of MART1-positive CD8 T-cells after the induction protocol with CD34-derived pan-DCs, as indicated by the abundance of dextramer-PE positive CD8 T-cell. (C) Before–after dot plots showing the frequency of MART1-specific dextramer-stained CD8 T-cells for each donor compared to a negative control dextramer. Each dot represents an individual donor ( n = 4). (D) Schematic representation of the rechallenge experimental layout. To address the responsiveness of induced MART1-specific T-cells to a secondary antigen rechallenge, MART1-loaded autologous moDCs were cocultured overnight with the earlier primed CD8 T-cell pool containing the MART1-specific CD8 T-cells. (E) Representative dot plots showing the expression levels of CD137 and CD25 on CD8 T-cells cocultured with either unloaded or MART1-loaded moDCs. (F) Before–after dot plots showing the frequency of positive CD8 T-cells for the simultaneous expression of CD25 and CD137. (G) Before–after dot plots showing the frequency of positive CD8 T-cells for the activation marker CD25, CD137, CD69, CD107a, and the intracellular cytokines IFNγ, IL-2, and TNFα after coculture with either unloaded or MART1-loaded moDCs. Each dot represents an individual donor ( n = 4). Statistical significance was calculated using either a paired t-test or a Wilcoxon test. P- values are numerically depicted in the graph.

Article Snippet: T-cells were incubated with antibodies against TNFα-APC (1:50, 130-117-382, Miltenyi Biotec), IL-2-Alexa488 (1:50, 500314, BioLegend), IFN- γ -BV421 (1:50, 562988, BD Biosciences), and CD8-FITC (1:25, 555366, BD Biosciences).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Clone Assay, Cell Culture, Staining, Negative Control, Expressing, Activation Assay, Marker

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Multiple sclerosis patients under treatment with interferon β1-a or ocrelizumab exhibit different T and B cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1773417

Figure Lengend Snippet: CD8 + and CD4 + T cell response in INF-treated patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) before and after BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Cumulative data of flow cytometry analysis of spike-specific CD8 + and CD4 + T cells measured as the percentage of activated (a) CD69 + CD137 + and (d) CD154 + OX40 + T cells, respectively. Intracellular cytokines evaluation of (b) INF-γ and (c) TNF-α in CD8 + antigen-specific T cells and (e) IFN-γ, (f) TNF-α, and (g) IL-2 in CD4 + antigen-specific T cells. Analysis was performed after stimulation for 18 hours at 37 °C with a peptide pool spanning the entire Spike sequence. Data are presented as median values of at least n=4 subjects. Statistical analysis was performed by using the Mann-Whitney U -test (two tails); * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01.

Article Snippet: Thereafter, cells were washed, fixed and permeabilized (fixation-permeabilization buffer; eBioscience) and intracellularly stained for 30 minutes at 4 °C with: PE-conjugated anti-human CD154 (BD Pharmigen, clone: TRAP1), BV421-conjugated anti-human IFNγ (BD Horizon, clone: 4S.B3), FITC-conjugated anti-human TNFα (Miltenyi, clone: cA2), PerCP-conjugated anti-human IL-2 (BD Pharmigen, clone: MQ1-17H12).

Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Sequencing, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Multiple sclerosis patients under treatment with interferon β1-a or ocrelizumab exhibit different T and B cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1773417

Figure Lengend Snippet: CD8 + and CD4 + T cell response in OCRE-treated patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) before and after BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Cumulative data of flow cytometry analysis of spike-specific CD8 + and CD4 + T cells measured as the percentage of activated (a) CD69 + CD137 + and (d) CD154 + OX40 + T cells, respectively. Intracellular cytokines evaluation of (b) IFN-γ and (c) TNF-α in CD8 + antigen-specific T cells and (e) IFN-γ, (f) TNF-α, and (g) IL-2 in CD4 + antigen-specific T cells. Analysis was performed after stimulation for 18 hours at 37 °C with a peptide pool spanning the entire Spike sequence. Data are presented as median values of at least n=3 subjects. Statistical analysis was performed by using the Mann-Whitney U -test (two tails); * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01.

Article Snippet: Thereafter, cells were washed, fixed and permeabilized (fixation-permeabilization buffer; eBioscience) and intracellularly stained for 30 minutes at 4 °C with: PE-conjugated anti-human CD154 (BD Pharmigen, clone: TRAP1), BV421-conjugated anti-human IFNγ (BD Horizon, clone: 4S.B3), FITC-conjugated anti-human TNFα (Miltenyi, clone: cA2), PerCP-conjugated anti-human IL-2 (BD Pharmigen, clone: MQ1-17H12).

Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Sequencing, MANN-WHITNEY